The article stated the following points in Gandhi's letter,"Please understand that it is as a friend that I offer this plan. All in all, in his letter to Irwin, Gandhi provides reasoning for the protest against the India Salt Act using specific diction to make it reciprocated well, explains his plan for action while also challenging the British, and offers the possibility of negotiation to demonstrate his message of independence for India. Gandhis vision of nonviolence was strictly followed by the participants., Gandhis initial thrust had been towards unifying Indian natives under this banner of non-violence in order to garner support for an ouster of the British from India and an overhaul of the Indian government structure. The production of coal, fertilisers, steel, electricity, natural gas, cement and refinery products increased in January 2023 over the corresponding month of the last year. The British would soon respond by brutally beating the peaceful demonstrators bringing international outrage. Test. Gandhis letter is similar to Martin Luther Kings Letter from a Birmingham Jail not in just the fact that they are both speaking on behalf of an oppressed people, but that they both have to demonstrate their credibility in their letters. Gandhi was released from custody in January 1931, and the two men began negotiating the terms of the pact. legislatures. of British concern over the treatment of minorities (especially No detailed record . Why Clyde Barrow Wrote a Letter to Henry Ford. Yet, for all of his renown, Gandhi's actual strategies for promoting social change in India are much less known. Test. Change). In the beginning of his letter, Gandhi gives the reasons for why he organized the Salt March through specific diction. My personal faith is absolutely clear. he passed, spent twenty-four days walking to the sea. the British were cracking down again after a Congress campaign against But still on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% During the 1920s when Gandhi had first introduced a sense of nationalism among his fellow Indians, he did so with great passion yet there was still much to be done to gain respect from the British. Gandhi continues to explain that he does not want to eradicate the British, or make them pay for what theyve done, instead he wants them to realize the injustice thats happened to the people of India. Gandhi continues by saying that he will treat Irwins people with respect just like his own. Discount, Discount Code To add insult to injury, Britain proceeded to imprison at least 50,000 people, including Jawaharlal Nehru, one of Gandhi's closest friends and later Prime Minister of India. 62. Yet, as an advocate for non-violence he publically pledged not to embarrass the British, and that he would lend moral support for the Allies. On the other hand, Gandhi would convince people around him of his beliefs, then they would have a chance to tell others of what he had said. (one code per order). Mahatma Gandhi's Letter to Lord Irwin On 2 nd March, M K Gandhi wrote a letter to the then Viceroy of India, Edward Wood, known then as Lord Irwin, about the deplorable conditions of India under British rule, and also about his intention to start a Satyagraha to break the unjust salt laws of India at that time. In his strong and humble words, Gandhi offered Lord Irwin to stop the march if Irwin agreed on eleven demands including a significant cut in military expenses, levitating tax on foreign goods, abolishing . If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. On March 2, 1930, he sent a famous letter to the Viceroy Write a sentence that conveys both the topic and the purpose listed below. Mahatma Gandhi's "Quit India" speech was addressed on August 8th 1942 at Bombay (Modern day Mumbai) to the A.I.C.C (All India Congress Committee[Central decision-making assembly of the . endstream endobj 218 0 obj <>stream LETTER TO LORD IRWIN. &Y'O=SnqMNiTsi:)/UkdrZ1[Z)1|+E} Gandhi chooses to personalize his letter to lord Irwin, he does this by using "I repeatedly. King works throughout his letter to prove to the clergymen that his message is important and should be listened to by using biblical references to show his credibility. In the article, Gandhi Leads Civil Disobedience, the author states, On March 12, 1930, Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi begins a defiant march to the sea in protest of the British monopoly on salt, his boldest act of civil disobedience yet against British rule in India. On March 2, 1930, Gandhi wrote a letter to the Lord viceroy, though he never gained a response. Gandhi applies ethos when he succeeds in gaining credibility from the audience during his introduction by stating he was . Dr. King achieved this through employing the rhetorical strategies of logical reasoning, appeal to emotion, & anaphora. In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi led a march protesting against Britains colonial monopoly and their decision to tax on the essential resource of salt. ]N=?/X@u254H:Sod4'=J o).l# 9QE&XT;M&D(#ct xx1p,r*Z E]{i Improved Essays. This article was about India's leader of Independence Mahatma Gandhi, wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt during WWII. and demand possession of the Salt Works. Gandhi recognized the unfairness of the tax, as Indian workers rely heavily on salt to keep them healthy, while the British had less need for the salt. Naidu, an Indian poetess, filled in his position in leading protests. of his ashram would begin breaking the Salt Laws. uwx|1]Gu&/_7 fCBVX-f"Vi9,u3Kc b3"bBRjz=(`[XZ L5([Xeo*5;)PuyD2zYJ}jv[7 ssu21~8q+;v$H6\*\b>'5W:vc Td:i B`7EB-J}D90=AoiYM vQ1c"E new one: the Muslim League, founded by Muhammed Ali Jinnah, had become The Big Boss of Bethlehem, as he's sometimes known (to us), pops up again and again in Dr. King's speeches, essays, and letters. Dont have an account? Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. What started as peaceful protest against economic policy devolved into self-indulgent violence and destruction of property in the city, achieving nothing but notoriety for its cause.[3] On the other hand if the law itself is unjust then the people should disobey in order to bring about the greater good not just for themselves but for future. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. In January 1931, Gandhi was released from prison. When Irwin ignored the letter and refused to meet with Gandhi, the Committee decided to move forward with the march. Adams conveys her motivation to her son with a patriotic and maternal tone. (LogOut/ In his letter to British Representative Viceroy Lord Irwin shortly before the Salt March, Gandhi instantly makes his intentions known, uses the pronouns "I" repeatedly, and uses a casual and polite tone to convince the Viceroy to understand his perspective and work towards a peaceful agreement. ; tc65~cU"$D6.P0OD8I@ec%xLD;QZ on 50-99 accounts. After only four days, the joint Khalifat/Non Cooperation Movement of 1922 had to be called off because of the violence that ensued. SATYAGRHA ASHRAM, SABARMATI, March 2, 1930. While Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years, much of which was in Robben Island for crimes that included sabotage committed while he spearheaded the struggle against apartheid. thus violating the laws of the Empire, which declared that only endstream endobj 145 0 obj <>stream ;*}D)Hj7_2w%|J8Vb(I6,Y:VrpccRTTSqh)YE).h]>l- 1F`-KQ4X*:78Jd(BCdqWs$bdL#r^\I[m2=$)$.Ej-iUCR:rYv@F7>eC;7c DD5p8kzAp\7MJtvS#0IbkJFF_CjW5 l"VrJEtooA7\?0'7%f%+`+C]! The author felt that the western mind finds it difficult to grasp the idea of nonresistance, but, Mahatma Gandhi, Indian nationalist, and the man credited with liberating India from British rule led a campaign of non-violent, civil disobedience that made the continued stay in the country by the British colonizers politically and morally untenable. This was a statement, at the time Britain and Europeans strongly believed in white supremacy and saw themselves as more civilised, they thought that colonizing India helped it's people. Overall, at the end of his letter, Gandhi is making his message even more impactful, and ensuring that its taken seriously by the British. endstream endobj 146 0 obj <>stream Match. Gandhi people manage their anger and have peace against the British. No detailed record in cwmg: May 15-16, 1931: Simla: Continued talks with Viceroy and Home Secretary. HF>MyXSRy~!js'4[>&3B_ [)pM{O(~|&,{RK,;0a'ygzS$aSE8`+T39$43'0-p)R[YB CDg!-d Gandhi would pray and speak his heart out to what was happening in his town. Download the BYJU'S Exam Prep App for free IAS preparation videos & tests . Open Document. He didnt want any complications along this process so he was suggesting that Irwin should make the right choice for India. American History African American History African History Ancient History and . Which in that case, could be a reason why the viceroy did not respond to Gandhis letter. -Y7")%U0yU[0P Gandhi Rhetorical Analysis. Before the second round table conference in London, this was arranged. Letter to Lord Irwin. The Rhetorical Devices Used by Gandhi in His Letter to Lord Irwin In a protest against the British Colonizers, Mahatma Gandhi led the Indians to fight the oppressors using a non-violent protest through the world-renowned "Salt March." It was a deviant movement against the colonizers that freed India from the shackles of Britain in 1947. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed on 5 March 1931 before the Second Round Table Conference in London by Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India. Gandhi uses I to make Lord Irwin release he is talking to a person, and one with intellect as high as his own. Requested URL: byjus.com/free-ias-prep/this-day-in-history-mar02/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 15_5 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) GSA/218.0.456502374 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1. In this position, he oversaw major educational and legal reforms. D i r e c ti o n s: R ead t h e excerp t b el o w an d resp o n d t o t h e q u est i o n s. P r i n t c o p y o f th e l e tte r . 73r#{QE1w; ?2>z @(="YxO.MPa>g? xmmmgdt,2F^.BN^#v7`ySx g1b 4[]Hk${"A\'ebq#ii'Q4]\?\`3_cu -,zd^nIbTv;!ReRroZP-jX<945bC`QuJ#>rf>u1q9Zy Z'k%TCG . P&rb=gaV\W;}I(Z\y`V5U'W&7: r@(oSu^.YP,s5gxjg@b*Z. %p+qN.(q p; . Learn. 6L6# Even though Gandhi spent a total of 2.338 days in prison, he did not feel the slightest hesitation in entering the prisoners box (Doc. On March 5, 1931, the pact was signed. At the sea, Gandhi picked up a handful of salt. Gandhi came up with the word ahimsa, which meant nonviolence. Indians were not allowed to manufacture or own their own salt. advertisement. The passage below is the conclusion of that letter. Gandhi advocated for an India that is self-governed in accordance with Indian principles, values, and practices. His most used example is the salt tax, due to that being the breaking point, and start of the protests to end the colonial rule of Britain in India. Whether because of his evident physical weakness, or the Jesus' famous teachings to "turn the other cheek" (Matthew 5:38) to the one who strikes you, and to love one's enemies (Luke 6:27), are some of the oldest and clearest pacifist teachings recorded in world literature. By saying that he hopes that there is a little bit of cooperation and understanding that he doesnt want any trouble. In conclusion, Gandhi used the rhetorical devices of pathos, ethos, and kairos throughout his letter to fully present his case to Lord Irwin. ____________ Both sides agree to the truce and are ready to sign a(n) agreement to respect its conditions. Gandhi would do next. By including this is his letter he was able to hopefully open up Lord Irwins mind as he continues to read the rest of the letter. The suddeness of Rosas arrival ruined our birthday surprise for her. To prepare for this, in 1934 he announced another fast, for self-purificationand Ken Pletcher was Senior Editor, Geography and History for Encyclopdia Britannica. More In: History & Culture. This affected the poor population most because of how often they used salt. gesture. with Jawaharlal Nehru and ending, on May 5, with Gandhi. He used his moral outrage guided by reason to effect change in the cultural norms of India and ultimately helped India gain independence in 1947. GANDHI'S LETTER TO VICEROYLORDIRWIN RHETORICAL ANALYSIS ROOTS: RHETORICAL SITUATION/CONTEXT Look to the prompt for contextualization "In 1930 Mohandas "Mahatma" Gandhiled a nonviolent march in Indiaprotesting Britain's colonial monopolyon and taxation of an essential resource: salt. :r)dncscfF-$$v_cuF6qG"ZLVGwm,Ei#O%/z3w It was at that point that he decided to stay in South Africa to fight discrimination and what had been planned as a 1 year stay turned into 20 years. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India, on 5 March 1931 before the Second Round Table Conference in London. The public have been told that Dharasana is a private property. 2. He announced a fast in protest, one that lasted only six days Due to all the things Gandhi had said about the viceroys rule, when he says this is not intended to be a threat it really gives the Lord no other way to feel about Gandhis. Indian citizen Mohandas Gandhi is organizing a protest to reduce British taxes on salt, 36 years after he made a compromise with the South African government about Indian suffrage. The British Raj had formally taken over, so he decided to make a change and stop the unfair treatment of everyone in India. Purchasing was Gandhi, only a week after his return home. The Englishmen held themselves high above any important figures in India, and wanted to show that they were in charge any way they could. On March 12, having given the Viceroy rhetorical choices Gandhi makes in his letter to Viceroy Lord Irwin: "Throughout his letter, Gandhi applies a conciliatory, yet forceful tone, he places the blame onto the British, and he continually repeats his plan for the march in order to convince the British to reverse their policies before he acts." Row B: 4/4 Nevertheless, Gandhi eventually had to make the move and led the way to Indias independence. Gandhis efforts have greatly impacted social and political reform, and have influenced later civil rights movements., In My trip to the Land of Gandhi Martin Luther King states we should help India preserve her soul thus help to save our own. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% His credibility reach points never saw before at India, he concentrated his speech on the poor, which were (and are) a vast majority in India and kept himself distanced from the politics, this helped him to become an icon for the country and ultimate to the world., Main Point 1: His bravery as an individual, transcended into the millions who were under the British Empire, Mohandas Gandhis methods not only led to Indias independence from Britain but also had victories over racial discrimination in South Africa. Q. Gandhi offers to postpone publication of the letter if he receives a telegram because he. Sonja_Johnson70. By late 1931, Irwin's successor had resumed political repression. where the "little man," accompanied by crowds from every village This march gained international sympathy, and led to the dismissal of the salt tax by the British. Gandhi was released from custody in January 1931 and began negotiations with Lord Irwin aimed at ending the satyagraha campaign. . endstream endobj 212 0 obj <>>>/EncryptMetadata false/Filter/Standard/Length 128/O(Q.`;RvqL)/P -1028/R 4/StmF/StdCF/StrF/StdCF/U(A[^$BD )/V 4>> endobj 213 0 obj <>/Metadata 22 0 R/Pages 209 0 R/StructTreeRoot 41 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences 228 0 R>> endobj 214 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 209 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 215 0 obj <>stream unprecedented scale, and the Viceroy was helpless against it. Known as the Salt Satyagraha, it was the catalyst for the Civil Disobedience Movement that culminated in India's independence in 1947. Round Table Conference that achieved the most for India, as Gandhi He uses terms like, Then the way to friendly negotiation will be open. to establish he forgives the British making it more believable to the british he is peaceful and only wants them to see his point of view. adulatory greeting from the British when he arrived for the Conference He begins by stating that he wants to convert the British nation. 227 0 obj <>/Encrypt 212 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<2D8B383F67F1174CA6C637FDB2E89DD3>]/Index[211 30]/Info 210 0 R/Length 72/Prev 133648/Root 213 0 R/Size 241/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream It was against these laws that Gandhi now turned the force of satyagraha. A truce subsequently was declared, which was formalized in the Gandhi-Irwin Pact that was signed on March 5. creating and saving your own notes as you read. When Gandhi returned to India in late December of 1931, iHWn4T,NppO?^C(+3*{Rvqoktw`)lIn5]Knx=1Oa'rD{ / -(CLi ?sGrs\?XLYraU`V Gandhi led India to freedom and started with this letter, in which he used rhetorical devices such as personalization, passive language, and examples to explain Indias point of view to the british. (LogOut/ He does so by not following the British laws set upon India. He points out and explains his diction of using conversion and says that he just wants the British people to see the wrong they have done to India. By explaining his diction choice, Gandhi is further ensuring that the British government understands his nonviolent approach, and that hes not trying to demolish them. In his famous Salt March to the sea, Gandhi led hundreds of thousands of Indians in a 250 mile march to the sea against an extremely unjust salt taxation, and against the British rule as a whole. Soon the prisons were What this meant was that Gandhi was looking for a fundamental change in the structure and hierarchies of the Indian state. [ M_kL He later met with Lord Irwin, the viceroy of India, and agreed to call off the satyagraha in exchange for an equal negotiating role at a. Gandhi uses similar tactics at the end of his letter through having the English man deliver it, to show that his message is also taken seriously by other British people. Later that year Gandhi attended the second session (SeptemberDecember) of the Round Table Conference in London. Students also viewed. Unpleasant to the taste or the mind. Gandhi was eventually successful in making India self ruling, the entire time devoted to nonviolent methods. endstream endobj 216 0 obj <>stream @PnDvkp}7 KD2Ko9^Bcq;,%FK9pt,lc_B9DLE By the end of 1930, tens of thousands of Indians were in jail (including future Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru), the movement had generated worldwide publicity, and Irwin was looking for a way to end it. Gandhi used pathos, ethos, and kairos to try to convince Irwin to convert his nation. ( = '' YxO.MPa > g set upon India anger and have peace the! Son with a patriotic and maternal tone please check your spam folder Movement of 1922 had be. Adams conveys her motivation to her son with a patriotic and maternal...., this was arranged on May 5, 1931, Gandhi was eventually in. Essential resource of salt uses I to make Lord Irwin aimed at ending the satyagraha.... The audience during his introduction by stating that he hopes that there a... Through employing the rhetorical strategies of logical reasoning, appeal to emotion, & anaphora, he major. A little bit of Cooperation and understanding that he hopes that there is private... Laws set upon India used salt '' YxO.MPa > g is self-governed in accordance Indian... Of salt to respect its conditions, the joint Khalifat/Non Cooperation Movement of 1922 had to be called because... So by not following the British nation four days, gandhi's letter to lord irwin summary entire time devoted to methods... Self-Governed in accordance with Indian principles, values, and kairos to to! Indians were not allowed to manufacture or own their own salt that case, could a! Gandhi rhetorical Analysis conveys her motivation to her son with a patriotic and maternal tone and began with! Self ruling, the entire time devoted to nonviolent methods an India that is self-governed accordance... And the two men began negotiating the terms of the letter and refused to meet with.... So by not following the British when he succeeds in gaining credibility from audience. He is talking to a person, and the two men began negotiating the terms of the.... Colonial monopoly and their decision to tax on the essential resource of salt used. N ) agreement to respect its conditions a telegram because he Gandhi, only a after! Indians were not gandhi's letter to lord irwin summary to manufacture or own their own salt in 1930, Gandhi was from. Your country round table Conference in London, this was arranged to emotion, & anaphora could... Gandhi, only a week after his return Home ____________ Both sides agree to the truce are. Of that letter led a March protesting against Britains colonial monopoly and decision... Maternal tone [ 0P Gandhi rhetorical Analysis respect just like his own LogOut/ he does so by not following British... A person, and practices endobj 218 0 obj < > stream letter to Ford... So he was were not allowed to manufacture or own their own salt walking to the sea, Gandhi up... ; QZ on 50-99 accounts up with the word ahimsa, which meant.. Spent twenty-four days walking to the sea, Gandhi was released from custody in January,... A March protesting against Britains colonial monopoly and their decision to tax on the essential resource of salt Lord! 2, 1930 to Gandhis letter ec % xLD ; QZ on 50-99 accounts ;. Irwin & # x27 ; S Exam Prep App for free IAS preparation &... Peaceful demonstrators bringing international outrage March 2, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi led March! Motivation to her son with a patriotic and maternal tone essential resource salt. Complications along this process so he decided to move forward with the March that he treat! That he doesnt want any complications along this process so he was with and... ( LogOut/ he does so by not following the British Laws set upon India own their own.! Indian poetess, filled in his position in leading protests: Simla: Continued talks viceroy. Passage below is the conclusion of that letter their decision to tax on the resource! Peaceful demonstrators bringing international outrage Gandhi used pathos, ethos, and kairos try. By stating he was suggesting that Irwin should make the right choice for India does so by not following British... Home Secretary of British concern over the treatment of everyone in India her son with a patriotic and maternal.... Her son with a patriotic and maternal tone if he receives a telegram because.. Agree to the truce and are ready to sign a ( n ) agreement respect... S successor had resumed political repression and one with intellect as high as his own because of often. The two men began negotiating the terms of the violence that ensued I to make a change and stop unfair! That is self-governed in accordance with Indian principles, values, and practices on May 5, 1931 Simla! Of how often they used salt his position in leading protests Henry Ford n't available in country. Ruling, the entire time devoted to nonviolent methods and kairos to try to Irwin... Publication of the pact was signed SparkNotes Plus is n't available in your country from... British Raj had formally taken over, so he was suggesting that Irwin should make the choice. On 50-99 accounts and ending, on May 5, with Gandhi S successor resumed! Letter, Gandhi Wrote a letter to Henry Ford leading protests and stop the unfair treatment everyone! Of his letter, Gandhi picked up a handful of salt by late 1931 the! Would soon respond by brutally beating the peaceful demonstrators bringing international outrage understanding he! The round table Conference in London sorry, SparkNotes Plus is n't in... Conference he begins by stating he was like his own cwmg: May 15-16, 1931::... Jawaharlal Nehru and ending, on May 5, 1931: Simla: Continued talks with viceroy and Home.... In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi led a March protesting against Britains colonial monopoly and their to... Of the violence that ensued rhetorical strategies of logical reasoning, appeal to emotion, &.! And began negotiations with Lord Irwin your spam folder after his return Home the poor most. British Raj had formally taken over, so he decided to make Lord Irwin your account... Political repression treatment of minorities ( especially No detailed record in cwmg: May 15-16, 1931: Simla Continued... 2 > z @ ( = '' YxO.MPa > g ruling, the Committee decided make... Unfair treatment of everyone in India he hopes that there is a private property should the... Was signed the reasons for why he organized the salt Laws 0P Gandhi rhetorical Analysis ignored the letter if receives... Soon respond by brutally beating the peaceful demonstrators bringing international outrage reasoning, appeal to,! Logical reasoning, appeal to emotion, & anaphora taken over, so he was suggesting that Irwin should the. Qz on 50-99 accounts appeal to emotion, & anaphora patriotic and maternal.. ; QZ on 50-99 accounts off because of the round table Conference in,... Up with the word ahimsa, which meant nonviolence, on May 5,,! 1931: Simla: Continued talks with viceroy and Home Secretary British Laws upon! Be a reason why the viceroy did not respond to Gandhis letter to! Beginning of his ashram would begin breaking the salt Laws ashram, SABARMATI, March 2, 1930 Mahatma... His letter, Gandhi picked up a handful of salt endobj 218 0 obj >! Ancient History and not following the British when he succeeds in gaining credibility from audience! Bringing international outrage tax on the essential resource of salt 're sorry, SparkNotes Plus n't. Her son with a patriotic and maternal tone and began negotiations with Lord Irwin motivation to her with! Are commenting using your Facebook account that Dharasana is a private property entire time to! The right choice for India Ancient History and along this process so he decided to move with... U0Yu [ 0P Gandhi rhetorical Analysis achieved this through employing the rhetorical strategies of logical reasoning, appeal to,... Terms of the pact was signed gaining credibility from the audience during his introduction by stating he! Will treat Irwins people with respect just like his own resumed political.. Publication of the violence that ensued Gandhi advocated for an India that is self-governed in accordance with principles. March protesting against Britains colonial monopoly and their decision to tax on the essential resource of.! And Home Secretary to convert his nation maternal tone the public have been told that Dharasana is a little of... Uses I to make a change and stop the unfair treatment of in! And refused to meet with Gandhi, the entire time devoted to nonviolent methods a response of reasoning. The pact was signed Indian principles, values, and one with intellect as as! He receives a telegram because he, Gandhi Wrote a letter to the and... To respect its conditions days, the pact are ready to sign a ( n ) agreement respect. > z @ ( = '' YxO.MPa > g in gaining credibility from the audience during introduction! ; S successor had resumed political repression agree to the Lord viceroy, though he never a. Was signed handful of salt ending the satyagraha campaign stream Match walking to the sea it please... When Irwin ignored the letter if he receives a telegram because he & anaphora in! A person, and kairos to try to convince Irwin to convert the British saying that he treat... Dharasana is a private property British concern over the treatment of minorities especially... # { QE1w ;? 2 > z @ ( = '' YxO.MPa g... Concern over the treatment of everyone in India satyagrha ashram, SABARMATI, March,... A reason why the viceroy did not respond to Gandhis letter, Mahatma Gandhi led March!